Cryptogams: These are those plants that do not bear flowers or seeds and are hence commonly known as flowerless or seedless plants. Cryptogams are further divided into (a) Thallophyta (b) Bryophyta (c) Pteridophyta A. Thallophyta: · Plant body is thallus i.e. not differentiated into leaf, stem, and root. · It includes (a) Algae: Thallophytes containing chlorophyll (b) Fungi: Thallophytes without chlorophyll (c) Lichens: Symbiotic association between algae and fungi (d) Bacteria: Unicellular (prokaryotic) microscopic, non-green organism. B. Bryophyta: · The plant body is thalloid (prostate) or differentiated into stem, leaves but not true roots (erect body). · There is a regular alternation of generation and the main body is always a gametophyte. (a) Hepaticae (Liverworts): Bryophyte with thalloid body eg. Riccia and Marchantia. (b) Anthocerotae (Hornwort): Plant body is simple and thalloid but the sporophyte is complex and semi-independent on the gametophyte eg. Anthoceros....