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· Seed is defined as Matured integumented megasporangium. · Study of seed is Spermology. · Ovules at maturity or ripened ovary is called a seed. · A typical seed is made up of seed coat, embryo and endosperm. A typical seed has the following parts: 1. Seed coat: protective covering of seed and is made up of:      a) Outer: Testa, which is usually hard.      b) Inner: Tegmen, which is thin and papery. - In some cases like Litchi,  Asphodelus, etc a sort of third integument or aril is present, which forms an additional covering of the seed. - Some seeds like castor ( Ricinus communis ) have a spongy outgrowth near the micropyle, which is known as caruncle and it absorbs water during seed germination [Caruncle develops from outer integument ]. - There is a small opening at one end of the seed coat, called a micropyle through which water enters the seed. [ Mi...

· Fruit is Matured and ripened ovary. · After fertilization ovary changes into fruit and ovule into seed. Broadly, Fruit can be divided into two parts:      1. Seed – from ovule      2. Pericarp · Development of fruit without fertilization is parthenocarpy. · Patherocarpic fruits are generally seedless. In true fruits, · Epicarp forms the outer skin. · Mesocarp forms the edible fleshy region. · Endocarp forms the innermost hard region that encloses the seed. Types of Fruit: True and False Fruit 1. True fruits or Eucarpic · Fruit that develops from the ovary. e.g. Tomato, Mango etc. 2. False fruit or Pseudocarpic · Develops from any plant part other than ovary. · In false fruit edible portion is not the wall of the ovary but a floral part like a receptacle. · A receptacle is fleshy thalamus. e.g. Apple ( Pirus malus ), Pear, etc. · Pomology is the branch ...

· Flower is a highly modified and condensed shoot meant for sexual reproduction · It is the characteristic of angiosperm · The axis of the flower is called the  peduncle or mother axis. · The broad ended base of the flower, which lies at the tip of the pedicel is called the thalamus or receptacle. · A complete flower consists of calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. A. Unisexual flower (Incomplete flower) · Only one sex is present in the flower that may be androecium or gynoecium. · Pistillate flower – the presence of pistil or gynoecium only. e.g. Ray floret of Compositae (sunflower) · Staminate flower – the presence of stamen only or androecium only. e.g. Pumpkin, Papaya B. Bisexual flower: ·  Androecium and gynoecium are present in the same flower. e.g Mustard, Pisum sativum ·  Monoecious flower: Male and female flowers are borne on the same plant. e.g. Maize, colocassia, ficus, pinus ·  Dioecious flo...

· The arrangement of flowers on a floral axis is called an inflorescence. · Anthotaxy refers to the arrangement of flowers in an inflorescence. · The axis of the inflorescence is called a  peduncle . · A flattened peduncle is known as a  receptacle Broadly Inflorescence is two types: i. Racemose Infloresence · Terminal bud grows indefinitely giving flowers laterally so that younger flowers are at the tip and older are at the bottom. · Acropetal succession (older flower toward base younger towards the tip) · Order of opening of flowers is centripetal. ii. Cymose Inflorescence · Terminal bud ends in a flower with lateral buds giving rise to a younger flower. · Older flowers are present at the top and younger flowers are at the bottom. · Flowers are in basipetal succession (older flower – at the top, younger at the base) · Order of opening of flowers is centrifugal. A. Racemose ty...

· Flat, exogenous lateral outgrowth of the stem or the branch arising from node and usually having a bud on its axil. · Specialized organ of Photosynthesis in plants. · The green leaves are termed as foilage leaves while non-green leaves are called cataphylls. · The leaves with sporangia are called sporophyll. · Leaves of the green plant are also called the kitchen of green plants as it carries out most of the vital activities like respiration, transpiration etc. Various Parts of Leaf · Leaf base – The lower part of the leaf, which is attached to the stem. · Pulvinus – It is the swollen leaf base common in leguminous plants. · Sheathing leaf base – leaf base is expanded and covers the stem partially or completely e.g, Gramineae, grass, sugarcane, wheat etc. · Stipules – Lateral outgrowth from the leaf base of dicots. Stipules are absent in monocots. ·  Lamina or leaf Blade · It is the expanded green portion of...