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LEISHMANIA DONOVANI

Introduction · Leishmania is a pathogenic protozoan endoparasite of the human being, causative organism of a dreadful disease called ‘Visceral leishmaniasis’ or ‘Kala-azar’ accompanied by swelling, fever, enlargement of liver and spleen, anaemia, and the skin color turning black. · The vector is the female sandfly,  Phlebotomus argentipes. SYSTEMATIC POSITION Phylum: Protozoa  Sub-phylum: Sarcomastigophora   Super-class: Mastigophora    Class: Zoomastigophorea     Order: Kinetoplastida      Genus: Leishmania        Species: donovani Historical background The genus Leishmania was created by Ross (1903 AD). The species Leishmania donovani was reported simultaneously by Leishman from London (May 1903 AD) and Donovan from Madras (July 1903 AD); hence the name Leishmania donovani. Geographical distribution Leishmania donovani infects man in many places in India, China, Africa, Southern Europe, South...

PROTOZOA

Protozoans were first viewed under a microscope by Leeuwenhoek, who described them as animalcules. "Protozoa" literally mean the first primitive animalcules. (Protos – first, zoon – animal). The term protozoa were first coined by Goldfuss . They are unicellular. According to Whittaker's five kingdom classification, protozoans are separated from animal phyla and included in the kingdom Protista . Protozoology deals with the study of protozoa. VVI Examples to remember of Phylum Protozoa for Entrance Exams of Nepal: Amoeba Entamoeba Leishmania donovani Leishmania tropica Trypanosoma gambiens Trypanosoma cruzi Giardia lambia (Grand old man of Intestine) Trichonympha Paramecium Plasomodium Monocystic Euglena Characteristics of Phylum Protozoa · They are simple, primitive, and microscopic animalcules. · They are unicellular or acellular eukaryotes , with one or more nuclei which may be monomorphic or dimorphic. · They may be solitary or colonial and unicellular body performs ...

PORIFERA

The term Porifera was coined by Robert Grant.   Study of poriferans is called Parazoology. VVI Examples of Phylum Porifera for Entrance Exams of Nepal: Sycon (Urn sponge or Crown sponge), Leucosolenia, Grantia Hyalonema (Glass rope sponge), Euplectella (Venus flower basket) Pheronema (Bowl sponge) Euspongia (Bath sponge), Spongilla (Freshwater sponge) Cliona (Boring or Sulphur sponge) Chalina (Mermaid's gloves) General characteristics of Phylum Porifera · First multicellular animals placed under the group Parazoa. · Aquatic and sessile. But their larvae are free-swimming form. · Asymmetrical or radially symmetrical. · Body is porous. The pores are of two types: small minute inhalant pores are called Ostia while large exhalant pore is called Osculum. · Body is diploblastic .  The outer layer is called the dermal layer or Pinacoderm. It consists of Pinacocytes and Porocytes.  The inner layer is called Choanoderm. It consists of Choanocytes or Collared f...

Help For Entrance App | Guidelines to INSTALL & USE | All Features of the App Explained in Details

You can watch the Video Available below for Guidelines to INSTALL & USE the Help For Entrance App Help For Entrance App Playstore Link: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.helpforentranceexam.app Help For Entrance Website Link: https://www.helpforentrance.com/ Short Introduction: It is a Complete Package to Prepare for Medical, Paramedical, Ag, Vet & Forestry Entrance Exams. Complete Features of Help For Entrance App & Website: Help For Entrance, www.helpforentrance.com, is a Complete Package for Medical, Paramedical, Engineering & Applied Science Programs' Entrance Exam Preparation. Help For Entrance App & Website and all its contents are completely free to everyone, we believe everyone should get opportunities free of cost to prepare for entrance exams. This app will help you prepare for your various Medical, Paramedical, Engineering and Applied Science Programs' Entrance Exams such as: 1. MBBS 2. BDS 3. BSc Nursing 4. BASLP 5. B...

How to Attend Free Online Model Exams in Help For Entrance App? Explanation!

You can attend ME-CEE Medical, Paramedical, Applied Science Based Free Online Model Exams in the Help For Entrance App. A. How to attend this Free Medical Online Exam? 1. You Need to Install the Help For Entrance App on your mobile from Playstore. Exams and App are completely free of cost. 2. If the App is already installed on your device, then you need to update the App to Latest Version. Free Online Model Exams are available in Latest Version only. 3. After Installing the App, Go to the Register option in the App. Register and Use the Same Email ID and password to log in. You need to register for One time only. If already registered, then Just Login. 4. After that, Go to Medical Preparation on the Homepage of the App. 5. Then go to the Online Model Exams section. 6. You will see their Free ME-CEE Online Medical Exam Link. B. Does it include Negative Markings too? Yes, Negative Marking is included, and You can see your Score with Negative Marking in the App after exam completion. C. I...

Help For Entrance App: Now Available for PC or Desktop Too!

Help For Entrance  is the BEST APP and Website available in the  Playstore  for Medical, Paramedical, BSc Agriculture, Veterinary, Forestry, Fisheries, Engineering, Biotechnology and Fisheries Entrance Exams Preparation in Nepal.  Yes, Now  Help For Entrance App  is available on PC or Desktops too. You can use it simply in your computer browsers now as on your mobile device. Isn't that amazing? Also, the  Help For Entrance App  is available in Google Playstore for your Android Device. You can install the App from this  LINK of Playstore  or visit the website,  https://www.helpforentrance.com/ If you don't know yet what Help For Entrance is, we have some notes for you below. Help For Entrance ,  www.helpforentrance.com , is a Complete Package for Medical, Paramedical, Engineering & Applied Science Programs Entrance Exam Preparation. It is a complete platform to prepare for your Entrance Exams for absolutely free. Help For En...